The tzdb distribution is rich with commentary from historians, standards bodies, and maintainers (including Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert) recording the political debates, royal decrees, energy crises, and boundary changes behind each civil clock change.
Total comment blocks indexed: 728
Source files: africa, asia, europe, northamerica, southamerica, australasia, etcetera, backward, backzone
Preserved format: Verbatim text with structured From Name (date): attributions
tzdb data for Africa and environs This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, go ahe...
Paul Eggert (2018-05-27): Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). Unfortunately th...
See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Cape Verde / Cabo Verde From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2018-02-16): For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon. Shanks gives 1907 instead for the transition...
Tim Parenti (2024-07-01): For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon. Shanks gives 1907 instead for the transition to -02. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Chad Fort-Lamy was renamed to N’Djamena on 1973-04-06. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) The Gambia Ghana Guinea Iceland Mali Mauritania St Helena Senegal Sierra Leone Togo The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar: Tristan da Cunha: ...
############################################################################## Egypt Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh observatory. Milne also says that the offi...
IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00. Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29. From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20): "...Egypt's interim cabinet deci...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20): "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of Egyptians would approve the cancellation." Egypt to cancel da...
From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19): The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports: Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday after observing the daylight sa...
Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19): The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports: Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday after observing the daylight saving time since May. http://news.go...
From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14): I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07. From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08...
Dirk Losch (2007-08-14): I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07....
Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:] http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53...
Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...: http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm...
From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06): Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each year. This year it will ...
Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06): Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is...
Paul Eggert (2007-08-17): For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August....
Petr Machata (2009-04-06): The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited): > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009 > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu = Apr 23 > 23:...
Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20): In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday in September....
Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11): We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision Support Center: https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html The Middle East News A...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20): According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during Ramadan. Arabic translation: "Clocks to go back during Ramadan -...
Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07): Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15 http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx...
Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13): our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)...
Imed Chihi (2014-06-04): We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes in Egypt. The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=34...
Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08): Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015. This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last Thursday of April.... Clocks will still be turned back for ...
Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20): Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at least for 2015....
Tim Parenti (2015-04-20): http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight savin...
Paul Eggert (2015-04-24): Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his decision to abandon DST permanently. See Ahram Online 2015-04-24. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/...
Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29): Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October.... http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx...
Mina Samuel (2016-07-04): Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,...
Ahmad ElDardiry (2023-03-01): Egypt officially announced today that daylight savings will be applied from last Friday of April to last Thursday of October....
Paul Eggert (2023-03-01): Assume transitions are at 00:00 and 24:00 respectively....
Amir Adib (2023-03-07): https://www.facebook.com/EgyptianCabinet/posts/638829614954129/...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] STDOFF 2:05:08.9...
Guinea-Bissau From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2018-02-16): For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Tim Parenti (2024-07-01): For timestamps before independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mayotte Somalia Tanzania Uganda From P Chan (2020-10-24): The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate.... [The Offici...
P Chan (2020-10-24): The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate.... [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274] https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274 At midnight on 30 June ...
Paul Eggert (2020-10-24): The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date, so just say "1908 May"....
Paul Eggert (2018-09-11): Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia, as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian timekeeping practice that is based on solar time. See: Mor...
Liberia From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02): The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30. In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset that was not a mult...
Paul Eggert (2017-03-02): The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30. In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes. The 1972 chang...
############################################################################## Libya From Even Scharning (2012-11-10): Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10. https://ww...
Even Scharning (2012-11-10): Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10. https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/ Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/...
Tim Parenti (2012-11-11): Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1. The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe (either two days before them or five days after them, so as t...
Even Scharning (2013-10-25): The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was cancelled yesterday.... https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/...
Paul Eggert (2013-10-25): For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02. Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger; the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors. Mauritius From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25): Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-1...
Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25): Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial basis.... It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successf...
Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25): http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD...
Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30): The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use m...
Paul Eggert (2008-06-30): Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger....
Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10): According to http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216 (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31). The...
Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11): Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally published on Monday, June 30, 2008... I guess that article in Fr...
Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03): The Government of Mauritius weblink http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD Cabinet Decision of July 18th, ...
Ed Maste (2008-10-07): THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March. ht...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05): According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe DST the coming summer... Some sources, in French: http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-«-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80...
Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11): The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this: "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour at 2am (or 02:00) local time..." Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Agalega Is, Rodriguez no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius Morocco See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco. From Paul Eggert (2026-06-26): In “Morocco’s GMT+1, a century of shifting time and...
Paul Eggert (2026-06-26): In “Morocco’s GMT+1, a century of shifting time and a debate far from over” https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/191310/morocco-s-gmt1-century-shifting-time (2026-03-30), Yabiladi’s Latifa Babas r...
Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09): Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008. "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will be o...
Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09): The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse: http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through Se...
Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09): According to this article: https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>) the changes occur at midnigh...
Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27): Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31 and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end of September: One article about it (in French): http://ww...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17): Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according to many sources, such as http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html http://www.medi1sat.ma/f...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17): Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre, Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June ...
Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13): Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08. Example: http://www.lavieeco.com/actu...
Dan Abitol (2011-03-30): ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format) The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00 The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00 ...Officia...
Petr Machata (2011-03-30): They have it written in English here: http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31, 2011 at midnight." Now they d...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09): According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma), on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale: Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-...
Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10): The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day; it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX. Wait on spe...
Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16): Seen Morocco change again: http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars, comme annoncé précédemment."...
Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17): The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government: http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French] Google translation, lightly edited: Back to the standard time of the K...
Paul Eggert (2013-03-06): Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be announced a bit in advance. On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be 20...
Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02): Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see: http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10...
Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28): Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day before it was going to end. There is a new decree (2.13.781) for this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00...
Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18): http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp...
Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05): The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time.... DST will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2...
Milamber (2015-06-08): (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19, 2015 at...
Milamber (2015-06-09): http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863...
Michael Deckers (2015-06-09): [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch.... I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is...
Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26): Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone....
Matt Johnson (2018-10-28): http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf...
Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01): We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1 the week end after.... The government does not announce yet the decision about this temporary change. But it s 99% sure that...
Naoufal Semlali (2019-04-16): Morocco will be on GMT starting from Sunday, May 5th 2019 at 3am. The switch to GMT+1 will occur on Sunday, June 9th 2019 at 2am.... http://fr.le360.ma/societe/voici-la-date-du-retour-a-lheure-legale-...
Semlali Naoufal (2020-04-14): Following the announcement by the Moroccan government, the switch to GMT time will take place on Sunday, April 19, 2020 from 3 a.m. and the return to GMT+1 time will take place on Sunday, May 31, 2020...
Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10): https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076 https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/...
Milamber (2023-03-14, 2023-03-15): The return to legal GMT time will take place this Sunday, March 19 at 3 a.m. ... the return to GMT+1 will be made on Sunday April 23, 2023 at 2 a.m. https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites/passage-à-l%E...
Paul Eggert (2026-06-25): https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/06/325034/confirmed-morocco-to-restore-gmt-on-september-20-ending-eight-year-gmt1-saga/ Today the Moroccan government adopted Decree No. 2.26.530, which abrogates...
Anass Taghjichte (2026-07-03): https://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/AR/3111/2026/BO_7521_Ar.pdf...
Afaf EL MAAYATI (2026-07-06): https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/activite-gouvernementale/conseil-gouvernement-approuve-projet-decret-relatif-au-retour-lheure-legale/ Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Western Sahara From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22): A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as Morocco does. F...
Gwillim Law (2013-10-22): A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as Morocco does....
Paul Eggert (2013-10-23): Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT, since most of it was then controlled by Morocco....
Botswana Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern) Malawi Mozambique Rwanda Zambia Zimbabwe From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01): For timestamps before Mozambique's independence, see commentary for...
Tim Parenti (2024-07-01): For timestamps before Mozambique's independence, see commentary for Europe/Lisbon....
Paul Eggert (2024-05-24): The London Gazette, 1903-04-03, page 2245, says that as of 1903-03-03 a time ball at the port of Lourenço Marques (as Maputo was then called) was dropped daily at 13:00:00 LMT, corresponding to 22:49:...
Namibia From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09): The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf and includes this nugget: Notwithstanding the provisions...
Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09): The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf and includes this nugget: Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the first wint...
Michael Deckers (2017-04-06): ... both summer and winter time are called "standard" (which differs from the use in Ireland) ......
Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30): http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there rises and sets earl...
Paul Eggert (2017-02-22): Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice. In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone. See: Imma...
Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09): Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST: https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/ This video is from the government decision: https://ww...
Paul Eggert (2017-04-09): Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally. However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST. See, e.g.: http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-cou...
Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk. Rule Namibia 1994 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 WAT Rule Namibia 1994 2017 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 CAT Rule Namibia 1995 2017 - Apr Sun>=1 2...
Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST. Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk. 2:00 - CAT 1994 Mar 21 0:00 From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):...
Paul Eggert (2017-04-07): The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24. See: http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf 1:00 Namibia %s 2017 Oct 24 2:00 - CAT End of rearguard se...
P Chan (2020-12-03): GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01. Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3 http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446,5221,1931,1235 says "It is offic...
P Chan (2020-11-27): On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria. Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916), p 27 https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/i...
Tim Parenti (2020-12-10): The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on Thursday 1919-08-28: http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/...
Tim Parenti (2020-12-10): The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52, shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on the 1st day of September, 1919." Nigeria Gazet...
São Tomé and Príncipe See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition. From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08): Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as they entered the year ...
Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08): Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as they entered the year 2018....
Michael Deckers (2018-01-08): the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017] http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017...
Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29): São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019: https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/...
Michael Deckers (2018-12-30): https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818 ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal coordinated time, will be reinstituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019....
STDOFF -0:36:44.68 Eswatini (Swaziland) Lesotho South Africa Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Marion and Prince Edward Is scientific station since 1947 no information Sudan From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html> Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13), also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Doss...
Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC): ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00) to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017....
Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia Abdalla of NTC, archived at: https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-O...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
South Sudan From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18): "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1 hour on February 1, 2021...." from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-z...
Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18): "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1 hour on February 1, 2021...." from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/ Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNT...
Tunisia From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30): My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST, this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/0504...
Gwillim Law (2005-04-30): My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST, this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed ...
Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02): La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ... http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30, 1h standard...
Atef Loukil (2006-03-28): The daylight saving time will be the same each year: Beginning : the last Sunday of March at 02:00 Ending : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ... http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?opt...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16): According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year. (Arabic) http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546 https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp We have also confirmed ...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17): Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn): (in English) http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&...
Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18): The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time. Therefore, the standa...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27): According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010 (translation): "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on Sunday... Tunisian authorities had sus...
See Europe/Paris commentary for PMT-related transitions. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
tzdb data for Antarctica and environs This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. From Paul Eggert (2025-08-16): To keep things manageable, list only loca...
Paul Eggert (2025-08-16): To keep things manageable, list only locations occupied year-round; see Antarctic Facilities Information https://www.comnap.aq/antarctic-facilities-information for information. Unless otherwise specif...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11): Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone: Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11 Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5 Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5 The changes occurred on 2009-10-...
Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ... - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010. The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thi...
Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28): Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016"....
Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-02, as corrected): Based on information we have received from the Australian Antarctic Division, Casey station and Macquarie Island station will move to Tasmanian daylight savings time on Sunday 4 October. This will tak...
Paul Eggert (2023-12-20): Transitions from 2021 on are taken from: https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/antarctica/casey retrieved at various dates. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
References: Casey Weather (1998-02-26) http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26) http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html Mawson S...
Antoine Leca (1997-01-20): Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology). She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases don't observe dayligh...
Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10): I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com. In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones: GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March ...
Paul Eggert (2014-03-21): The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tz 2014b or later, so as suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate with only UTC and CEST. Uncomment them when 2014b is ...
Rule Troll 2005 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 1:00 +01 Rule Troll 2004 max - Nov 7 1:00u 0:00 +00 Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines....
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Poland - year-round base Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977 Romania - year-bound base Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986 Russia - year-round bases Bel...
Craig Mundell (1994-12-15): http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same time as Moscow, Russia....
Lee Hotz (2001-03-08): I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is what they had to say about time there: "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo) time, which is 12 ho...
Paul Eggert (2001-05-04): This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it in person. He said that some Antarctic locations set their local time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this ch...
Zakhary V. Akulov (2023-12-17 22:00:48 +0700): ... from December, 18, 2023 00:00 by my decision the local time of the Antarctic research base Vostok will correspond to UTC+5. (2023-12-19): We constantly interact with Progress base, with company wh...
Paul Eggert (2023-12-18): For lack of better info, guess Vostok was at +07 from founding through today, except when closed. Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
S Africa - year-round bases Marion Island, -4653+03752 SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997 Ukraine - year-round base Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -6...
Uruguay - year round base Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107 USA - year-round bases Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968) See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, sinc...
Chris Carrier (1996-06-27): Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station, stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station, but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12 as supplies for the station w...
tzdb data for Asia and environs This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, go ahead...
Paul Eggert (2019-07-11): Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). Unfortunately th...
Afghanistan Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Armenia From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then readopting Russian DST in 1997. ...
Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even when ...
Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15): While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to follow Russia's "old" rules....
Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10): According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012, http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the Law "On procedure of calculati...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Azerbaijan From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23): According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997 From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03...
Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23): According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997...
Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17). http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf...
Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17): ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to daylight saving time.... https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministe...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Bangladesh From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13): According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30 Bangladesh to introduce da...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13): According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30 Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16 http://www.as...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02): They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet. Some sources: https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idI...
A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15): Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission). No DST end date ha...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25): Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009, instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision. Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday...
Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13): IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports: Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would "continue for an indefinit...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24): According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star," Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009. Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night. http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign...
Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22): According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star," Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817 http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
Bhutan Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]...
British Indian Ocean Territory Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996. We have no information as to when standard ti...
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Myanmar (Burma) Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon. From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20): Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) say...
Paul Eggert (2017-04-20): Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead of Greenwich." This refers to the period before B...
China From Phake Nick (2020-04-15): According to this news report: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring ...
Phake Nick (2020-04-15): According to this news report: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring forward for an hour starting from mid...
Paul Eggert (2020-04-15): The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time...
From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02): The following comes from Table 1 of: Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai. Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50. http://overs...
Paul Eggert (2018-10-02): The following comes from Table 1 of: Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai. Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50. http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?d...
Phake Nick (2020-04-15): For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time, there were three different authorities in Shanghai, incl...
Phake Nick (2020-04-15): According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html , the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese ti...
From Guy Harris: People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone. From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though China is across 4 phy...
Bob Devine (1988-01-28): No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China has tw...
U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19): CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10...
Paul Eggert (2008-02-11): Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began observing daylight saving time in 1986....
P Chan (2018-05-07): The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00 (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end).... Government notices about summer time: 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.go...
From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20): BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official Chinese names for th...
Anthony Fok (2001-12-20): BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official Chinese names for these locales (before 1949)....
Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14): I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two counties on the Sichu...
Paul Eggert (2017-01-05): Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources: (1) Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China) Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC China Hist...
Luther Ma (2009-10-17): Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time, but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function...
Luther Ma (2009-11-19): With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols): 1. Wulumuqi... 2. Kashi... 3. Urumqi... 4. Kashgar... ... 5....
David Cochrane (2014-03-26): Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986: https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html...
Luther Ma (2014-04-22): I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article re...
Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06) but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun, Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia...
Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)...
Hong Kong Milne gives 7:36:41.7. From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24): I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually...
Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24): I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually, it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency...
Phake Nick (2018-10-27): According to Singaporean newspaper http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37 the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904....
Paul Eggert (2018-11-17): Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui. "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm (except on Sundays and Government holidays)." Dyson AD. From ...
Joseph Myers (2018-11-18): An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight....
Steve Allen (2018-11-17): Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904 page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4> ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sun...
Phake Nick (2018-11-18): According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gu...
Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required....
Phake Nick (2018-10-26): I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library.... on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was stated that fallback would occur on the next day (th...
Paul Eggert (2019-07-11): "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving. "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure, clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be ...
P Chan (2018-12-31): * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/...
Paul Eggert (2020-04-15): Here are the dates given at https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm as of 2020-02-10: Year Period 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep 1942 Whole year 1943 Whole year 1944 ...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] STDOFF 7:36:41.7...
############################################################################## Taiwan From smallufo (2010-04-03): According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau], http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astrono...
smallufo (2010-04-03): According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau], http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30....
Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12): On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands (both ...
Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02): I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9 back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the...
Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02): In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from Central Weather Bureau website was not correct. Original Bulletin: http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF htt...
Paul Eggert (2014-07-03): As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01 until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger. Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan. Rule NAME FROM ...
Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei...