Time Zone Changes in 2022

Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):

Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
Here's my translation:

"Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
in Provinces
Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
Greenwich)....

I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):

Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
know when it switched to +03:30.  For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):

This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
March 20, 1978, page 2:

"Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
[=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
of the previous years by one hour and a half.
According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
forenoon."

This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.


This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
just in time for Ramadan that year:

"Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
[=1978-07-16], [...]
At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."

This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
long weekend in Iran).

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):

[Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
Here's the quotes from the paper:
1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
hours in summer).'

The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
(I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)

2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."

This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.

The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):

for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
(UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):

Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
...
Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
(i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.

Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.

Attached to: Iran (asia)

Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):

The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....

Attached to: Jordan (asia)

Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):

https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news

Attached to: Jordan (asia)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):

Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
(non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.

Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Attached to: Jordan (asia)

Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):

summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.

Attached to: EgyptAsia (asia)

Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):

winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
(2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
(2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453

Attached to: EgyptAsia (asia)

Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):

Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
"This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
Tuesday 4 October ..."

Attached to: Syria (asia)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):

Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
(non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.

Attached to: Syria (asia)

Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):

Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
in Fiji for 2022-2023....
https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl

Attached to: Fiji (australasia)

Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):

Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this.  The article
says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
<https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.


N Mariana Is, Guam

Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24):

On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch
from -03/-02 to -02/-01
https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes
...
https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer

Attached to: Thule (europe)

Jürgen Appel (2022-11-25):

https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022

Attached to: Thule (europe)

Thomas M. Steenholdt (2022-12-02):

- The bill to move America/Nuuk from UTC-03 to UTC-02 passed.
- The bill to stop observing DST did not (Greenland will stop observing DST
when EU does).
Details on the implementation are here (section 6):
https://ina.gl/dvd/EM%202022/pdf/media/2553529/pkt17_em2022_tidens_bestemmelse_bem_da.pdf
This is how the change will be implemented:
1. The shift *to* DST in 2023 happens as normal.
2. The shift *from* DST in 2023 happens as normal, but coincides with the
shift to UTC-02 normaltime (people will not change their clocks here).
3. After this, DST is still observed, but as -02/-01 instead of -03/-02.

Attached to: Thule (europe)

Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):

the Russian wikipedia page
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.

Attached to: Europe/Moscow (europe)

Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):

Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
time in Moscow.

Attached to: Europe/Moscow (europe)

Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):

The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched
from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
changed in May.  This change evidently didn't last long; see below.
From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv.
IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.

Attached to: Europe/Astrakhan (europe)

Tim Parenti (2022-07-01):

The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583

Attached to: Europe/Astrakhan (europe)

Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):

Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
in 2011.

Attached to: Asia/Khandyga (europe)

Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):

Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from
Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.

Attached to: Asia/Ust-Nera (europe)

Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):

For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.

From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
"Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"

Attached to: Europe/Kyiv (europe)

Chris Walton (2022-11-06):

Whitehorse Star - Thursday April 22, 1965 - page 1
title: DST Starts Monday ...
https://www.newspapers.com/image/578587481/
The title of this first article is wrong and/or misleading.
Also, the start time shown in the  article is vague; it simply says "after
midnight" when it probably should have stated 2:00a.m....

Whitehorse Star - Monday October 25, 1965 - page 15 ...
https://www.newspapers.com/image/578589147/
The 1965 Yukon Council minutes can be found here:
http://assets.yukonarchives.ca/PER_YG_06_1965_C20_S02_v1.pdf
... I do not currently believe that NWT touched any of its clocks in 1965....

Whitehorse Star - Thursday Feb 24,1966 - page 2
title: It's Time for YDT ...
https://www.newspapers.com/image/578575979/ ...
America/Whitehorse as a permanent change from UTC-9(YST) to
UTC-8(PST) at 00:00 on Sunday February 27, 1966....

Whitehorse Star - Friday April 28,1972 - page 6
title: Daylight Saving Time for N.W.T....
https://www.newspapers.com/image/578701610/ ...
Nunavut and NWT zones ... DST starting in 1972.... Start and End ...
should be the same as the rest of Canada

Attached to: NT_YK (northamerica)

Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):

For now, assume Yukon's 1965-04-22 spring forward was 00:00 -> 02:00, as this
seems likely than 02:00 -> 04:00 and matches "after midnight".

Attached to: NT_YK (northamerica)

Chris Walton (2022-11-06):

The 5th edition of the Atlas of Canada contains a time zone map that
shows both legislated and observed time zone boundaries.
All communities on Baffin Island are shown to be observing Eastern time.
The date on the map is 1984.
https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/raster/atlas_5_ed/eng/other/referencemaps/mcr4056.pdf

Attached to: NT_YK (northamerica)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):

The new Mexican law was published today:
https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
This abolishes DST except where US DST rules are observed,
and in addition changes all of Chihuahua to -06 with no DST.

Attached to: Mexico (northamerica)

Heitor David Pinto (2022-11-28):

Now the northern [municipios] want to have the same time zone as the
respective neighboring cities in the US, for example Juárez in UTC-7 with
DST, matching El Paso, and Ojinaga in UTC-6 with DST, matching Presidio....
the president authorized the publication of the decree for November 29,
so the time change would occur on November 30 at 0:00.
http://puentelibre.mx/noticia/ciudad_juarez_cambio_horario_noviembre_2022/

Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Attached to: Mexico (northamerica)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):

Today's new law states that the entire state of Baja California
follows US DST rules, which agrees with simplifications noted above.


Revillagigedo Is
no information

Attached to: Barb (northamerica)

Paul Eggert (2022-07-27):

For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I.  This agrees with standard offset given in the
Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below.
It is not known when this time became standard for Bermuda; guess 1890.
The transition to -04 was specified by:
1930: The Time Zone Act, 1929 (1929: No. 39) [1929-11-08]
https://books.google.com/books?id=7tdMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA54-PP1

Attached to: Bermuda (northamerica)

Paul Eggert (2022-03-15):

Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.

Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
[1] Chile Law
http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
This contains a copy of this official table:
Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
[1] needs several corrections, though.

The first set of corrections is from:
[2] History of the Official Time of Chile
http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
This is an English translation of:
Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php
Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:

- [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].

- [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [1], as this matches the meridian
referred to by the relevant Chilean laws to this day.

- [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].

- [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.

Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."

Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
may well be true for earlier transitions.

Attached to: Chile (southamerica)

Tim Parenti (2022-07-06):

For a brief period of roughly six weeks in 1946, DST was only observed on an
emergency basis in specific regions of central Chile; namely, "the national
territory between the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepción, inclusive".
This was enacted by Decree 3,891, dated 1946-07-13, and took effect
1946-07-14 24:00, advancing these central regions to -03.
https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460715/#page/1
The decree contemplated "[t]hat this advancement of the Official Time, even
though it has been proposed for the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso only,
must be agreed with that of other cities, due to the connection of various
activities that require it, such as, for example, the operation of rail
services".  It was originally set to expire after 30 days but was extended
through 1946-08-31 by Decree 4,506, dated 1946-08-13.
https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460814/#page/1

Law Number 8,522, promulgated 1946-08-27, reunified Chilean clocks at their
new "Summer Time" of -04, reckoned as that of "the meridian of the
Astronomical Observatory of Lo Espejo, advanced by 42 minutes and 45
seconds".  Although this law specified the new Summer Time to start on 1
September each year, a special "transitional article" started it a few days
early, as soon as the law took effect.  As the law was to take force "from
the date of its publication in the 'Diario Oficial', which happened the
following day, presume the change took place in Santiago and its environs
from 24:00 -03 to 23:00 -04 on Wednesday 1946-08-28.  Although this was a
no-op for wall clocks in the north and south of the country, put their formal
start to DST an hour later when they reached 24:00 -04.
https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460828/#page/1
After a brief "Winter Time" stint at -05 beginning 1947-04-01, Law Number
8,777, promulgated 1947-05-17, established year-round -04 "from 23:00 on the
second day after it is published in the 'Diario Oficial'."  It was published
on Monday 1947-05-19 and so took effect from Wednesday 1947-05-21 23:00.
https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19470519/#page/1

Attached to: Chile (southamerica)

Juan Correa (2022-04-02):

I found there was a decree published last Thursday that will keep
Magallanes region to UTC -3 "indefinitely".

Attached to: Chile (southamerica)

Juan Correa (2022-08-09):

the Internal Affairs Ministry (Ministerio del Interior) informed DST
for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"...  This is because on September 4th
we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.

Attached to: Chile (southamerica)

Alois Treindl (2022-11-10):

End of time change in Colombia 1993 ... should be 6 February 24h ...
DECRETO 267 DE 1993
https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1061335

Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Attached to: CO (southamerica)

Alois Treindl (2022-02-28):

My main source for its time zone history is
Henri le Corre, Régimes horaires pour l'Europe et l'Afrique.
Shanks follows le Corre.  As does Françoise Schneider-Gauquelin in her book
Problèmes de l'heure résolus pour le monde entier.

Attached to: Africa/Lubumbashi (backzone)

Chris Walton (2022-10-15):

I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.

Attached to: America/Nipigon (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):

These are now links in the primary data.  Also see America/Thunder_Bay.

Attached to: America/Nipigon (backzone)

Chris Walton (2022-11-06):

The implication is that Pangnirtung and Qikiqtarjuaq have observed Eastern
Time as far back as 1984 (and likely even further back than that).
It is possible that these communities never actually observed Atlantic
Time, but that would be difficult to prove.

Attached to: America/Pangnirtung (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):

This is in 'backzone' as we have no good evidence that Pangnirtung differs
from America/Iqaluit since 1970.  A Google Books snippet view of
volume 2, page 186 of "Pilot of Arctic Canada", published 1959 by
the Canadian Hydrographic Service, suggests (though does not state)
that Pangnirtung observed EST then.

aka Panniqtuuq

Attached to: America/Pangnirtung (backzone)

Chris Walton (2022-10-15):

I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.

Attached to: America/Rainy_River (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):

These are now links in the primary data.  Also see America/Thunder_Bay.

Attached to: America/Rainy_River (backzone)

Chris Walton (2022-10-15):

The TZ database currently shows that Thunder Bay has observed daylight
saving every year from 1970 onwards with the exception of 1973.
Back in July I raised some doubts on this mailing list about the 1973 data.
I now have more proof that it is wrong.
[attached Chronicle-Journal front pages, 1973-04-28 and 1973-10-27]

Attached to: America/Thunder_Bay (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):

This is now a link in the primary data.  The following entry is
from Shanks & Pottenger, with corrections as noted above.

Attached to: America/Thunder_Bay (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):

Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich starting June 1894.

Attached to: Europe/Vaduz (backzone)

Paul Eggert (2022-08-16):

Although Shanks & Pottenger say Saipan used +09 and then switched
to Guam time in October 1969, this is surely wrong.
Saipan used Guam time in the late 1950s; see page 4 of the minutes on the
conference of the 12th Saipan Legislature and the Select Committee on
Saipan Mission, 5th Guam Legislature (1959-09-11):
http://www.nmhcouncil.org/nmhc_archives/U.S.%20Navy%20Civil%20Affairs%20Files%201944-1962/1959/1959%2009%2017%20letter,%20minutes%20of%20conference,%20Borja.pdf
For now, assume Saipan switched to Guam time after the Battle of Saipan.

Attached to: Pacific/Saipan (backzone)