Europe/Moscow

Time zone identifier: Europe/Moscow

Current civil offset: +03:00 (MSK)

Current DST state: Observing Standard Time

First standard time adoption: Adopted on 1879-12-31

Local Mean Time (LMT): +02:30:17 based on geographic meridian

Total recorded transitions: 78 transitions across 8 distinct offsets

Associated countries: RU

Aliases (Link targets): W-SU

Historical Offset Step Chart (1880 to Present)

Text summary: Europe/Moscow shifted between 8 distinct offsets from 1879-12-31 through the modern era.

Complete Transition History (78 Transitions)

UTC Instant	Local Wall Time	Shift	Abbreviation	DST	Effect
`1879-12-31T21:29:43Z`	`1880-01-01 00:00:00`	+02:30:17 → +02:30:17	`MMT`	No	offset-only
`1916-07-02T21:29:43Z`	`1916-07-03 00:01:02`	+02:30:17 → +02:31:19	`MMT`	No	gap
`1917-07-01T20:28:41Z`	`1917-07-02 00:00:00`	+02:31:19 → +03:31:19	`MST`	Yes	gap
`1917-12-27T20:28:41Z`	`1917-12-27 23:00:00`	+03:31:19 → +02:31:19	`MMT`	No	overlap
`1918-05-31T19:28:41Z`	`1918-06-01 00:00:00`	+02:31:19 → +04:31:19	`MDST`	Yes	gap
`1918-09-15T20:28:41Z`	`1918-09-16 00:00:00`	+04:31:19 → +03:31:19	`MST`	Yes	overlap
`1919-05-31T19:28:41Z`	`1919-06-01 00:00:00`	+03:31:19 → +04:31:19	`MDST`	Yes	gap
`1919-07-01T00:00:00Z`	`1919-07-01 04:00:00`	+04:31:19 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	overlap
`1919-08-15T20:00:00Z`	`1919-08-15 23:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1921-02-14T20:00:00Z`	`1921-02-15 00:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1921-03-20T19:00:00Z`	`1921-03-21 00:00:00`	+04:00 → +05:00	`+05`	Yes	gap
`1921-08-31T19:00:00Z`	`1921-08-31 23:00:00`	+05:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	overlap
`1921-09-30T20:00:00Z`	`1921-09-30 23:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1922-09-30T21:00:00Z`	`1922-09-30 23:00:00`	+03:00 → +02:00	`EET`	No	overlap
`1930-06-20T22:00:00Z`	`1930-06-21 01:00:00`	+02:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	gap
`1981-03-31T21:00:00Z`	`1981-04-01 01:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1981-09-30T20:00:00Z`	`1981-09-30 23:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1982-03-31T21:00:00Z`	`1982-04-01 01:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1982-09-30T20:00:00Z`	`1982-09-30 23:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1983-03-31T21:00:00Z`	`1983-04-01 01:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1983-09-30T20:00:00Z`	`1983-09-30 23:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1984-03-31T21:00:00Z`	`1984-04-01 01:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1984-09-29T23:00:00Z`	`1984-09-30 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1985-03-30T23:00:00Z`	`1985-03-31 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1985-09-28T23:00:00Z`	`1985-09-29 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1986-03-29T23:00:00Z`	`1986-03-30 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1986-09-27T23:00:00Z`	`1986-09-28 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1987-03-28T23:00:00Z`	`1987-03-29 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1987-09-26T23:00:00Z`	`1987-09-27 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1988-03-26T23:00:00Z`	`1988-03-27 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1988-09-24T23:00:00Z`	`1988-09-25 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1989-03-25T23:00:00Z`	`1989-03-26 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1989-09-23T23:00:00Z`	`1989-09-24 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1990-03-24T23:00:00Z`	`1990-03-25 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1990-09-29T23:00:00Z`	`1990-09-30 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1991-03-30T23:00:00Z`	`1991-03-31 02:00:00`	+03:00 → +03:00	`EEST`	Yes	offset-only
`1991-09-29T00:00:00Z`	`1991-09-29 02:00:00`	+03:00 → +02:00	`EET`	No	overlap
`1992-01-19T00:00:00Z`	`1992-01-19 03:00:00`	+02:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	gap
`1992-03-28T23:00:00Z`	`1992-03-29 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1992-09-26T23:00:00Z`	`1992-09-27 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1993-03-27T23:00:00Z`	`1993-03-28 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1993-09-25T23:00:00Z`	`1993-09-26 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1994-03-26T23:00:00Z`	`1994-03-27 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1994-09-24T23:00:00Z`	`1994-09-25 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1995-03-25T23:00:00Z`	`1995-03-26 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1995-09-23T23:00:00Z`	`1995-09-24 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1996-03-30T23:00:00Z`	`1996-03-31 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1996-10-26T23:00:00Z`	`1996-10-27 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1997-03-29T23:00:00Z`	`1997-03-30 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1997-10-25T23:00:00Z`	`1997-10-26 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1998-03-28T23:00:00Z`	`1998-03-29 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1998-10-24T23:00:00Z`	`1998-10-25 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`1999-03-27T23:00:00Z`	`1999-03-28 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`1999-10-30T23:00:00Z`	`1999-10-31 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2000-03-25T23:00:00Z`	`2000-03-26 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2000-10-28T23:00:00Z`	`2000-10-29 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2001-03-24T23:00:00Z`	`2001-03-25 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2001-10-27T23:00:00Z`	`2001-10-28 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2002-03-30T23:00:00Z`	`2002-03-31 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2002-10-26T23:00:00Z`	`2002-10-27 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2003-03-29T23:00:00Z`	`2003-03-30 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2003-10-25T23:00:00Z`	`2003-10-26 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2004-03-27T23:00:00Z`	`2004-03-28 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2004-10-30T23:00:00Z`	`2004-10-31 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2005-03-26T23:00:00Z`	`2005-03-27 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2005-10-29T23:00:00Z`	`2005-10-30 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2006-03-25T23:00:00Z`	`2006-03-26 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2006-10-28T23:00:00Z`	`2006-10-29 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2007-03-24T23:00:00Z`	`2007-03-25 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2007-10-27T23:00:00Z`	`2007-10-28 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2008-03-29T23:00:00Z`	`2008-03-30 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2008-10-25T23:00:00Z`	`2008-10-26 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2009-03-28T23:00:00Z`	`2009-03-29 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2009-10-24T23:00:00Z`	`2009-10-25 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2010-03-27T23:00:00Z`	`2010-03-28 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSD`	Yes	gap
`2010-10-30T23:00:00Z`	`2010-10-31 02:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap
`2011-03-26T23:00:00Z`	`2011-03-27 03:00:00`	+03:00 → +04:00	`MSK`	No	gap
`2014-10-25T22:00:00Z`	`2014-10-26 01:00:00`	+04:00 → +03:00	`MSK`	No	overlap

Notes from the Maintainers

Source: europe (Lines 2690 to 2867)

From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
Europe/Moscow covers...
01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
11 RU-KO Komi Republic
12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
77 RU-MOW Moscow
78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug

From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
(1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
(Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)

From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
Wikipedia refers to
http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm

The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
time belt changes map).

The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
"time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
is also provided.

The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
time.

http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.

The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.

12. Udmurtia
The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.

...

All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).

There were some exceptions, though.
Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
lists found in the internet are quite wild.)

And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
1991-03-31 switch and one person at
https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2 days before the switch.

From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
the Russian wikipedia page
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.

From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
time in Moscow.

From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
(The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2:31:19 ...

From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.

Attributed Statements:

Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):

The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59 (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854 specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT. No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date; later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)

Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):

11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982. Wikipedia refers to http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses time belt changes map). The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2 hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01 is also provided. The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian, Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow time. http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously. The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow, Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk. 12. Udmurtia The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act. http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01. Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991. ... All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1 change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia). There were some exceptions, though. Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd, Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992 change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some lists found in the internet are quite wild.) And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment. http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091 says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the 1991-03-31 switch and one person at https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception 2 days before the switch.

Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):

the Russian wikipedia page https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time. However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time." Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки). To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.

Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):

Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the time in Moscow.

Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):

LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30").... LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard. (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.) The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" > 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 = 2:31:19 ...

Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):

Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895). Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.

Years on Record

Methodology Note: The 1970 Rule

tzdb guarantees accuracy for timestamps from 1970 onwards. Transitions prior to 1970 represent best-effort historical reconstructions.