Russia From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15): Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011 (Government document http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/ in Russian) there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones... All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below: http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27): Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at: http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966 They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian). From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia changed in September 2011: One source is http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/ which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31, 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information. Another source is https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on: in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which does not contain any "effective date" information. Another source is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7 which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011... Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011. The Wikipedia article refers to http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896 which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page. Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes). None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks. Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s. From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01): According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency) http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562 the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ... http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02 Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English): http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22): Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian) http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711 http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660 http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279 From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this: http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! I do not know why they have decided to make this change; as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began enforcing curfew at the wrong time. From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16): this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/ From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16): Perhaps someone could translate the link mentioned above, and use it to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following: «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов, отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия единой службы времени, 1956 г. This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby. From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21): http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/ says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957. There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such exceptions grew considerably. From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative listing. The region codes listed come from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498 and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level divisions where available. From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): Europe/Kaliningrad covers... 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25): Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented. (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.) ... http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091 says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
Attributed Statements:
Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011 (Government document http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/ in Russian) there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones... All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below: http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at: http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966 They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia changed in September 2011: One source is http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/ which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31, 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information. Another source is https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on: in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which does not contain any "effective date" information. Another source is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7 which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011... Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011. The Wikipedia article refers to http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896 which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page. Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes). None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks. Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency) http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562 the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ... http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02 Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English): http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian) http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711 http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660 http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279 From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this: http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! I do not know why they have decided to make this change; as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
Perhaps someone could translate the link mentioned above, and use it to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following: «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов, отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия единой службы времени, 1956 г. This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/ says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957. There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such exceptions grew considerably.
Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative listing. The region codes listed come from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498 and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level divisions where available.
Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
Europe/Kaliningrad covers... 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented. (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.) ... http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091 says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
europe(Lines 2506 to 2682)